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PMD vs Permethrin

The same eleven questions, side by side, each answer in the agency's words. No verdict from us: we sell a product built on one of these actives, so the agencies do the talking.

PMDp-menthane-3,8-diol
Permethrina synthetic pyrethroid insecticide

Per EPA's tool

PMD

Registered; 8 products in EPA's tool; 2 h mosquitoes, 2 h ticks.

Permethrin

Registered since 1979; CDC says fabric only, never skin; Not in EPA’s tool.

What is it, and where does it come from?

PMD

EPA calls it a biochemical pesticide derived from eucalyptus plants, chemically synthesized for commercial use.

Source and detail: Carroll SP, US EPA

p-Menthane-3,8-diol occurs naturally in the lemon eucalyptus plant, the natural oil can be extracted from the leaves and twigs, and for commercial use the active ingredient is chemically synthesized, per EPA's April 2000 fact sheet, which calls it a biochemical pesticide derived from eucalyptus plants. Carroll and Loye, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2006, describe PMD as a monoterpene spent product of distilling leaves of the Australian lemon-scented gum tree, Corymbia citriodora.

p-Menthane-3,8-diol occurs naturally in the lemon eucalyptus plant. The natural oil can be extracted from the eucalyptus leaves and twigs. For commercial use, the active ingredient is chemically synthesized.

US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000

p- Menthane-3,8-diol is a biochemical pesticide derived from eucalyptus plants. This active ingredient is used to make products that are applied to human skin and clothing for the purpose of repelling insects, such as mosquitoes.

US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000

para-Menthane-3,8-diol(PMD) is a monoterpene spent product of the distillation of leaves of the Australian lemon-scented gum tree (updated nomenclature Corymbia citriodora ssp. citriodora).

Carroll SP, Loye J. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(3):507-14. PMID 17067054
Permethrin

A synthetic pyrethroid that NPIC says acts like natural chrysanthemum extracts, registered by EPA as an insecticide.

Source and detail: EPA, NPIC

Permethrin is an insecticide in the pyrethroid family; NPIC's permethrin fact sheet says pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals that act like natural extracts from the chrysanthemum flower. EPA's Repellent-Treated Clothing page describes it as a broad spectrum, non-systemic, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, registered as an insecticide for a variety of settings, and says that when used to pre-treat clothing it is an insect repellent.

Permethrin is an insecticide in the pyrethroid family. Pyrethroids are synthetic chemicals that act like natural extracts from the chrysanthemum flower.

NPIC, Permethrin General Fact Sheet

Permethrin is a broad spectrum, non-systemic, synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that targets adults and larvae of many species of biting, chewing, scaling, soil, and flying invertebrates. Permethrin is registered by the EPA as an insecticide for use in a variety of settings. When used to pre-treat clothing, it is an insect repellent.

EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing

How does EPA treat it?

PMD

Registered since March 2000, EPA says; its ingredients page now counts 6 products under PMD.

Source and detail: US EPA

Registered in March 2000, licensed for sale with a consumer spray registered at the same time, per EPA's fact sheet; EPA's skin-applied ingredients page now counts 6 products under p-menthane-3,8-diol, listed separately from oil of lemon eucalyptus. EPA says registrants of products used against public health pests must show specific standards for effectiveness and safety are met, and that the registered PMD product met them.

p-Menthane-3,8-diol was registered (licensed for sale) in March 2000. A consumer spray product was registered at the same time.

US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000

p-Menthane-3,8-diol (pmd) -- EPA pesticide regulatory information (6 products)

US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026

Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (contains pmd, but is a separately regulated pesticide chemical) (6 products)

US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026

EPA requires registrants of products used against public health pests to show that the product meets specific standards for effectiveness as well as for safety. EPA considers a public health pest as any organism that can cause or transmit human disease, or can cause human discomfort or injury. Examples include fleas, mosquitoes, ticks, and certain rodents. The product currently registered with p-Menthane-3,8-diol for use against public health pests has met the required standards.

US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000
Permethrin

Registered since 1979, EPA says; on clothing by the military since 1990, factory-treated consumer clothing since 2003.

Source and detail: EPA

Registered since 1979, per EPA's Repellent-Treated Clothing page, which says permethrin was first registered in 1990 as a repellent on clothing by the military and that factory-treated consumer clothing was first registered in 2003. EPA's sentence is "The only insect repellent currently used for factory treatment of clothing is permethrin."

Permethrin has been registered since 1979. It was first registered in 1990 for use as a repellent on clothing by the military. At about the same time, we also approved permethrin as a spray for use on clothing and gear by consumers, as well as for commercial factory treatment of clothing and various types of gear. In 2003, we first registered consumer-oriented, permethrin factory-treated clothing products.

EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing

The only insect repellent currently used for factory treatment of clothing is permethrin.

EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing

What strengths are registered, and does strength change protection?

PMD

10 percent on the record: a label states 10 percent, and EPA's tool lists a 10 percent product.

Source and detail: NPIC, US EPA, US EPA accepted label

10 percent is the registered strength on the record: the EPA-accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 4822-528 states p-menthane-3,8-diol at 10 percent, and EPA's search tool lists a 10 percent PMD product. NPIC's fact sheet says repellents with less than 10 percent active ingredient may only protect for 1 to 2 hours, and that higher concentrations may protect longer without being better at keeping insects away.

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: p-Menthane-3,8-diol* 10%

US EPA accepted label, Claire-1 / OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent I, EPA Reg. No. 4822-528, dated 1/31/14

OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent | 2 | 2 | p-Menthane-3,8-diol | 10 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | 4822-515

US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

Higher concentration repellents may protect people for longer. However, they are not better at keeping insects away. 5,6,7 Repellents with less than 10% of an active ingredient may only offer protection for short periods of time (1-2 hours).

NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018
Permethrin

Permethrin at 0.5% on clothing repels and kills ticks, chiggers and mosquitoes, CDC says; labels list 0.50%.

Source and detail: CDC Yellow Book, EPA stamped label

CDC's Yellow Book says that at a concentration of 0.5 percent, permethrin-treated clothing repels and kills ticks, chiggers, mosquitoes and other biting and nuisance arthropods. The accepted label for a permethrin clothing treatment, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, gives its active ingredient as permethrin 0.50 percent, and the accepted hang-tag label for factory-treated apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, gives permethrin at 0.52 percent.

At a concentration of 0.5%, permethrin-treated clothing repels and kills ticks, chiggers, mosquitoes, and other biting and nuisance arthropods.

CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Permethrin*……..……. 0.50%

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

Permethrin 0.52%

EPA stamped label, Insect Shield Repellent Apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, dated May 15, 2017

How long does EPA say it protects?

PMD

EPA's tool lists 2 hours for mosquitoes and 2 for ticks at 10 percent.

Source and detail: US EPA

2 hours for mosquitoes and 2 hours for ticks: EPA's search tool lists a 10 percent p-menthane-3,8-diol product, EPA Reg. No. 4822-515, at 2 and 2. EPA says those times were approved for product labels from technical information the company provided, and that the tool's database was last updated in June 2019.

OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent | 2 | 2 | p-Menthane-3,8-diol | 10 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | 4822-515

US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

Protection Times - These protection times have been approved for product labels. These times are based on the technical information provided by the company on the effectiveness of the product against mosquitoes and/or ticks.

US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

The registration number means the company provided EPA with technical information on the safety of the product and its effectiveness against mosquitoes and/or ticks. While this technical information is based on scientific testing guidelines and approved study methods, there are variations in the resulting protection times because of differences in the testing conditions.

US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026

The information in this database was last updated in June 2019.

US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026
Permethrin

Labels say six weeks or six washes when you treat clothing, 70, 50 or 25 washings when factory-treated.

Source and detail: CDC Yellow Book, EPA stamped label

The accepted label for a 0.5 percent permethrin clothing treatment, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, says protection lasts a minimum of six weeks, with retreatment after six weeks or the sixth laundering; the hang-tag for factory-treated apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, says repellency remains effective for a bracketed 70, 50 or 25 washings. CDC's Yellow Book says treated materials retain repellency after repeated launderings but should be retreated per the label.

This product contains an active ingredient, which actually binds to the fabric being treated, providing residual protection, which lasts a minimum of six weeks [42 days], and holds up through several machine washings. Follow standard laundering procedures. Clothing should be retreated after six weeks [42 days] or after the sixth laundering to maintain adequate protection.

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

REPELLENCY REMAINS EFFECTIVE FOR [70][50][25] WASHINGS

EPA stamped label, Insect Shield Repellent Apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, dated May 15, 2017

Permethrin-treated materials retain repellency or insecticidal activity after repeated launderings but should be retreated as described on the product label to provide continued protection. Clothing treated before purchase is labeled for efficacy through many launderings.

CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Permethrin*……..……. 0.50%

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

Which pests do accepted labels name, and what does CDC say those pests carry?

PMD

A label names mosquitoes, black flies, gnats, no-see-ums and ticks.

Source and detail: US EPA, US EPA accepted label

Mosquitoes, black flies, gnats, no-see-ums and ticks: the EPA-accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 4822-528 permits the optional claim that the product repels mosquitoes, black flies, gnats, no-see-ums and ticks for up to 2 hours. EPA's fact sheet describes PMD products as applied to human skin and clothing to repel insects such as mosquitoes.

Repels (mosquitoes) (,black flies, gnats, no-see-ums and ticks) (up to 2 hours)

US EPA accepted label, Claire-1 / OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent I, EPA Reg. No. 4822-528, optional marketing language, dated 1/31/14

p- Menthane-3,8-diol is a biochemical pesticide derived from eucalyptus plants. This active ingredient is used to make products that are applied to human skin and clothing for the purpose of repelling insects, such as mosquitoes.

US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000
Permethrin

Labels name mosquitoes, ticks, chiggers, mites, ants, flies and midges.

Source and detail: EPA stamped label

The accepted label for a 0.5 percent permethrin clothing treatment, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, says it repels and kills mosquitoes, chiggers, mites and ticks, in the label's words "including Ticks which carry Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever." The accepted hang-tag label for factory-treated apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, claims that it repels mosquitoes, ticks, ants, flies, chiggers and midges.

To repel & kill mosquitoes, chiggers, mites and ticks, including Ticks which carry Lyme Disease and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

REPELS MOSQUITOES, TICKS, ANTS, FLIES, CHIGGERS, AND MIDGES

EPA stamped label, Insect Shield Repellent Apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, dated May 15, 2017

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Permethrin*……..……. 0.50%

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

What do the agencies say about children?

PMD

Not under 3, CDC and a label both say; the label adds children must not apply it themselves.

Source and detail: CDC Travelers' Health, US EPA accepted label

Not under three. CDC says not to use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol on children under 3 years old, and the EPA-accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 4822-528 carries the precautionary statement not to use the product on children under the age of three, and not to let children apply it to themselves.

Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under 3 years old.

CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites

CAUTION: May be harmful if swallowed. Causes moderate eye irritation. Avoid contact with eyes. Do not use on children under the age of three. Do not allow children to apply this product to themselves.

US EPA accepted label, Claire-1 / OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent I, EPA Reg. No. 4822-528, 10% p-Menthane-3,8-diol liquid, dated 1/31/14
Permethrin

No minimum age stated; EPA's 2009 review called treated clothing unlikely to pose significant hazard, toddlers included.

Source and detail: EPA

No CDC, EPA or label source we read states a minimum age for wearing permethrin-treated clothing. The closest agency statement is EPA's: its 2009 revised exposure and risk assessment evaluated multiple exposure scenarios for permethrin factory-treated clothing, including toddlers wearing or mouthing the clothing, and all scenarios showed the clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing it.

Our 2009 revised exposure and risk assessment evaluated multiple exposure scenarios for permethrin factory-treated clothing, including toddlers wearing or mouthing the clothing, and military personnel who wear permethrin-treated uniforms on a daily basis. All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.

EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing

What do CDC and WHO say about pregnancy?

PMD

CDC lists it for pregnant and breastfeeding women; no PMD-specific pregnancy finding from CDC, WHO or EPA.

Source and detail: CDC Travelers' Health

CDC says that when used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women, and para-menthane-diol is on the list of actives to which CDC attaches that statement. No PMD-specific pregnancy finding from CDC, WHO or EPA was among the sources read.

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women. If also using sunscreen, always apply insect repellent after sunscreen. DEET Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the US) IR3535 Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) Para-menthane-diol (PMD) 2-undecanone

CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites
Permethrin

EPA says no evidence of reproductive or developmental effects to mother or child; no CDC statement found.

Source and detail: EPA

EPA's Repellent-Treated Clothing page says that, based on its review of scientific studies, there is no evidence of reproductive or developmental effects to mother or child following exposure to permethrin. No CDC or WHO page we read makes a permethrin-specific pregnancy statement.

Based on our review of scientific studies, there is no evidence of reproductive or developmental effects to mother or child following exposure to permethrin.

EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing

What do NPIC and EPA report about absorption and toxicity?

PMD

EPA says animal studies showed only eye irritation; a label warns it may be harmful if swallowed.

Source and detail: NPIC, US EPA, US EPA accepted label

In laboratory animal studies p-menthane-3,8-diol showed no adverse effects except eye irritation, EPA's fact sheet says, and special precautions were put on the label to keep the product out of eyes. The accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 4822-528 reads CAUTION, may be harmful if swallowed, causes moderate eye irritation. NPIC says about 3 to 19 percent of a repellent applied to skin may be absorbed into the body.

In studies using laboratory animals, p-Menthane-3,8-diol shows no adverse effects except for eye irritation. Therefore, special precautions were put on the label to prevent the product from contacting people's eyes.

US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000

CAUTION: May be harmful if swallowed. Causes moderate eye irritation. Avoid contact with eyes. Do not use on children under the age of three. Do not allow children to apply this product to themselves.

US EPA accepted label, Claire-1 / OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent I, EPA Reg. No. 4822-528, 10% p-Menthane-3,8-diol liquid, dated 1/31/14

When a repellent is applied to skin, about 3-19% may be absorbed into the body.

NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018
Permethrin

EPA says treated clothing gives low exposure and skin absorbs it poorly; NPIC says it may irritate skin.

Source and detail: EPA, NPIC

EPA's Repellent-Treated Clothing page says the amount of permethrin allowed in clothing is very low, that human exposure from wearing permethrin factory-treated clothing is low, and that available data show permethrin is poorly absorbed through the skin. NPIC says people who get permethrin on their skin may have irritation or tingling, burning and itching at that spot, and in the eyes it can cause redness, pain or burning.

The amount of permethrin allowed in clothing is very low, and scientific studies indicate that human exposure resulting from wearing permethrin factory-treated clothing also is low. Available data show that permethrin is poorly absorbed through the skin.

EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing

When people get permethrin on their skin, they may have irritation or tingling, burning and itching at that spot. If permethrin gets in the eyes it can cause redness, pain or burning.

NPIC, Permethrin General Fact Sheet

Does it damage plastics, fabrics or gear?

PMD

Spandex is the one material named: a label says do not apply on or around spandex.

Source and detail: US EPA accepted label

Spandex is the one material named: the EPA-accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 4822-528 instructs users not to apply the product on or around spandex. No agency statement about PMD and plastics or other gear was among the sources read.

Do not apply on or around spandex.

US EPA accepted label, Claire-1 / OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent I, EPA Reg. No. 4822-528, 10% p-Menthane-3,8-diol liquid, dated 1/31/14
Permethrin

CDC says never on skin, only clothing, nets and fabrics; a label adds tents, sleeping bags and backpacks.

Source and detail: CDC Yellow Book, EPA stamped label

CDC's Yellow Book says permethrin should never be applied to skin, only to clothing, nets or other fabrics as the label directs. The label for a 0.5 percent permethrin treatment, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, lists netting, tents, sleeping bags, backpacks, hammocks and camping chairs, with no treating inside a sleeping bag and only the exterior surfaces of a tent sprayed; the hang-tag for factory-treated apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, says dry cleaning removes the active ingredient.

Permethrin should never be applied to the skin but only to clothing, mosquito nets, or other fabrics as directed on the product label.

CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

GEAR: MOSQUITO NETTING, NETS, TENTS, CANOPIES, SCREEN ENCLOSURES, SLEEPING BAGS, BACKPACKS, GROUNDCLOTHS, HAMMOCKS AND CAMPING CHAIRS: Do not treat inside of sleeping bag. Spray exterior surfaces of tent only.

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

DRYCLEANING REMOVES ACTIVE INGREDIENT- DO NOT DRY CLEAN

EPA stamped label, Insect Shield Repellent Apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, dated May 15, 2017

ACTIVE INGREDIENT: Permethrin*……..……. 0.50%

EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015

What do the agencies say about pets?

PMD

Only EPA's general rule applies: nothing on pets unless the label says so.

Source and detail: EPA, US EPA

EPA's page on using insect repellents says not to use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals; the instruction is general, and it is the only agency statement on pets that reaches PMD. That page adds that most insect repellents do not work against lice or fleas.

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals. Most insect repellents do not work against lice or fleas.

US EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals.

EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively
Permethrin

NPIC says cats are more sensitive than dogs or people because they break it down slowly.

Source and detail: NPIC

NPIC says permethrin is more toxic to insects than to people and dogs, and that cats are more sensitive than dogs or people because their bodies take a long time to break it down. NPIC's technical fact sheet describes a report of 11 cats intentionally treated with products containing 45 to 65 percent permethrin: all 11 were hospitalized, with muscle tremors, seizures, incoordination and agitation, and four died.

Permethrin is more toxic to insects than it is to people and dogs. This is because insects can't break it down as quickly as people and dogs. Cats are more sensitive to permethrin than dogs or people because it takes their bodies a long time to break it down.

NPIC, Permethrin General Fact Sheet

A report of 11 cats intentionally treated with products containing 45-65% permethrin described adverse effects including muscle tremors, seizures, incoordination and agitation after exposure. Of the 11 cats that were treated, all were hospitalized, and four died after the exposure.

NPIC, Permethrin Technical Fact Sheet (archived)

Which studies are on the record?

PMD

One 2006 paper concluded CDC's endorsement was warranted and probably underestimated PMD's value as a DEET alternative.

Source and detail: Carroll SP

Carroll and Loye, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2006, concluded that the CDC endorsement was not only warranted but probably underestimated the value of PMD as a DEET alternative for public health applications. The same paper describes PMD as a spent product of distilling leaves of the Australian lemon-scented gum.

We conclude that not only is the CDC endorsement warranted but also that it probably underestimates the value of PMD as a deet alternative for public health applications.

Carroll SP, Loye J. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(3):507-14. PMID 17067054

para-Menthane-3,8-diol(PMD) is a monoterpene spent product of the distillation of leaves of the Australian lemon-scented gum tree (updated nomenclature Corymbia citriodora ssp. citriodora).

Carroll SP, Loye J. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(3):507-14. PMID 17067054
Permethrin

One trial found 3.36 times fewer tick bites on subjects wearing permethrin-treated outfits than untreated ones.

Source and detail: Miller NJ

Miller 2011 (Journal of Medical Entomology) found that subjects wearing outfits treated with permethrin received 3.36 times fewer tick bites than subjects wearing untreated outfits, with no statistically significant difference between commercial permethrin treatment and the do-at-home application method. In the same study, 97.6 percent of nymphs attached to subjects in untreated outfits were alive, against 22.6 percent on subjects in repellent-treated outfits.

Subjects wearing outfits treated with permethrin received 3.36 times fewer tick bites than subjects wearing untreated outfits. No statistically significant differences in number of tick bites were detected between commercial permethrin treatment (19.33%) and the do-at-home permethrin application method (24.67%).

Miller NJ, Rainone EE, Dyer MC, Gonzalez ML, Mather TN. Tick bite protection with permethrin-treated summer-weight clothing. J Med Entomol. 2011 Mar;48(2):327-33. PMID 21485369

On subjects wearing untreated outfits, 97.6% of attached nymphs were alive, whereas significantly fewer (22.6%) attached nymphs were alive on subjects wearing repellent-treated outfits.

Miller NJ, et al. J Med Entomol. 2011 Mar;48(2):327-33. PMID 21485369

Sources on this page.

16 sources. Every quote was fetched on or before 2026-09-22 and is stored with the page. Last reviewed 2026-09-22. All ten actives.

  1. US EPA, p-Menthane-3,8-diol (011550) Fact Sheet, April 2000. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-011550_01-Apr-00.pdf
  2. US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/skin-applied-repellent-ingredients
  3. NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018. https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/repellents.html
  4. US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22. https://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect_s/search_results.cfm
  5. US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-repellent-right-you
  6. Carroll SP, Loye J. PMD, a registered botanical mosquito repellent with deet-like efficacy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006;22(3):507-14. PMID 17067054. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17067054/
  7. US EPA accepted label, Claire-1 / OFF! Botanicals Insect Repellent I, EPA Reg. No. 4822-528, dated 1/31/14. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/004822-00528-20140211.pdf
  8. CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites
  9. US EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/using-insect-repellents-safely-and-effectively
  10. NPIC, Permethrin General Fact Sheet. https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html
  11. EPA, Repellent-Treated Clothing. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing
  12. CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19). https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/mosquitoes-ticks-and-other-arthropods.html
  13. EPA stamped label, CIC Residual Insecticide No. 1, EPA Reg. No. 50404-3, accepted October 6, 2015. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/050404-00003-20151006.pdf
  14. EPA stamped label, Insect Shield Repellent Apparel, EPA Reg. No. 74843-2, dated May 15, 2017. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/074843-00002-20170515.pdf
  15. NPIC, Permethrin Technical Fact Sheet (archived). https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/Permtech.html
  16. Miller NJ, Rainone EE, Dyer MC, Gonzalez ML, Mather TN. Tick bite protection with permethrin-treated summer-weight clothing. J Med Entomol. 2011 Mar;48(2):327-33. PMID 21485369. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21485369/