DEET vs Oil of lemon eucalyptus

The same eleven questions, side by side, each answer in the agency's words. No verdict from us: we sell a product built on one of these actives, so the agencies do the talking.

DEETN,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide

Oil of lemon eucalyptusOLE, refined Corymbia citriodora oil

Per EPA's tool

DEET

Registered; 505 products in EPA's tool; 2 to 12 h mosquitoes, 2 to 10 h ticks.

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

Registered; 13 products in EPA's tool; 6 h mosquitoes, 6 h ticks.

What is it, and where does it come from?

DEET

EPA says DEET, made for skin, works by making it hard for biting bugs to smell us.

Source and detail: EPA

DEET, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, is what EPA's DEET page calls the active ingredient in many repellent products, designed for direct application to people's skin. EPA says it was developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 and registered for use by the general public in 1957, and that rather than killing biting bugs it works by making it hard for them to smell us.

DEET (chemical name, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is the active ingredient in many repellent products. It is widely used to repel biting pests such as mosquitoes and ticks. Every year, an estimated one-third of the U.S. population use DEET to protect them from mosquito-borne illnesses like West Nile Virus, the Zika virus or malaria and tick-borne illnesses like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

DEET is designed for direct application to people's skin to repel insects. Rather than killing them, DEET works by making it hard for these biting bugs to smell us. After it was developed by the U.S. Army in 1946, DEET was registered for use by the general public in 1957. Approximately 120 products containing DEET are currently registered with EPA by about 30 different companies.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

Made from lemon eucalyptus leaves, a label says; NPIC calls it man-made, based on a naturally occurring chemical.

Source and detail: NPIC, US EPA, US EPA accepted label

Oil of lemon eucalyptus comes from the leaves of the lemon eucalyptus tree, according to the EPA-accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, and EPA's skin-applied ingredients page lists it as an active that contains PMD but is a separately regulated pesticide chemical. NPIC's fact sheet calls it a man-made ingredient based on a chemical that occurs in nature, and says products may list it by its chemical name, p-menthane-3,8-diol.

The active ingredient in Mosi-guardTM Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent is derived from the leaves of the Lemon Eucalyptus tree.
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025, EPA notification letter January 06, 2026

Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (contains pmd, but is a separately regulated pesticide chemical) (6 products)
US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026

Oil of lemon eucalyptus and IR3535 are based off of chemicals that occur in nature but are man-made ingredients. Because they are related to substances found in nature, they are both considered to be biopesticides . Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) may also be listed on products by its chemical name, p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD).
NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

How does EPA treat it?

DEET

Registered, about 120 products per EPA; its 1998 review found repellents containing DEET present no health concern.

Source and detail: EPA

Registered: EPA's DEET page says approximately 120 products containing DEET are registered with EPA by about 30 companies. EPA's 1998 reregistration decision concluded that insect repellents containing DEET do not present a health concern; its registration review risk assessment found no risks of concern because no toxic effects have been identified when it is used as a dermally applied insect repellent, with a final decision waiting on Endocrine Disruptor Screening.

DEET is designed for direct application to people's skin to repel insects. Rather than killing them, DEET works by making it hard for these biting bugs to smell us. After it was developed by the U.S. Army in 1946, DEET was registered for use by the general public in 1957. Approximately 120 products containing DEET are currently registered with EPA by about 30 different companies.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

After completing a comprehensive re-assessment of DEET, we concluded that insect repellents containing DEET do not present a health concern. Consumers are advised to read and follow label directions when using any pesticide product, including insect repellents. Based on extensive toxicity testing, we believe that the normal use of DEET does not present a health concern to the general population, including children. We completed this review and issued a reregistration decision (called a RED) in 1998.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

The human health risk assessment concluded that there are no risks of concern because no toxic effects have been identified when used as a dermally applied insect repellent, and there is no dietary or occupational exposure for DEET. However, a Final Decision on the DEET registration review case will occur only after the EPA has completed an Endocrine Disruptor Screening under FFDCA section 408(p).
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

Registered: EPA lists 6 products under it, and CDC names it among EPA-registered actives for travelers.

Source and detail: CDC Travelers' Health, US EPA

Registered: EPA's skin-applied ingredients page counts 6 products under oil of lemon eucalyptus, listed separately from PMD, and CDC's Travelers' Health page names it among the EPA-registered actives it tells travelers to use.

Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (contains pmd, but is a separately regulated pesticide chemical) (6 products)
US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026

Use Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), or 2-undecanone.
CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites

p-Menthane-3,8-diol (pmd) -- EPA pesticide regulatory information (6 products)
US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026

What strengths are registered, and does strength change protection?

DEET

EPA registers 5 to 99%; CDC says higher concentrations generally protect longer, with DEET peaking near 50%.

Source and detail: CDC Yellow Book, EPA

EPA's DEET page says formulations registered for direct application to human skin contain from 5 to 99 percent DEET. CDC's Yellow Book says higher concentrations generally provide longer protection regardless of the active ingredient, and that studies suggest DEET efficacy tends to peak at approximately 50 percent, with concentrations above that not offering a marked increase in protection time against mosquitoes.

Products containing DEET currently are available to the public in a variety of liquids, lotions, sprays, and impregnated materials (e.g., towelettes, roll on). Formulations registered for direct application to human skin contain from 5 to 99% DEET.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

In general, higher concentrations of active ingredients provide longer duration of protection, regardless of the active ingredient. Products with <10% active ingredient might offer only limited protection, often 1-2 hours. Products that offer sustained-release or controlled-release (microencapsulated) formulations, even with lower active ingredient concentrations, might provide longer protection times. Studies suggest that DEET efficacy tends to peak at a concentration of approximately 50% and that concentrations above that do not offer a marked increase in protection time against mosquitoes.
CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

30 and 40 percent: a label states 30 percent, and EPA's tool lists a 40 percent pump spray.

Source and detail: NPIC, US EPA, US EPA accepted label

30 and 40 percent are the strengths on the record: the EPA-accepted label for EPA Reg. No. 84878-2 states oil of lemon eucalyptus at 30.0 percent, with a footnote giving its p-menthane-3,8-diol content as approximately 65 percent, and EPA's search tool lists a 40 percent pump spray under EPA Reg. No. 305-57. NPIC says higher concentration repellents may protect for longer but are not better at keeping insects away.

Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus* ………………………………………………….. 30.0% Other Ingredients …………………………………………………………… 70.0%
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025

*Approx. 65% p-menthane-3,8-diol
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025

Repel Essential Insect Repellent Pump Spray | 6 | 6 | Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus | 40 | United Industries Corp. | 305-57
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

Higher concentration repellents may protect people for longer. However, they are not better at keeping insects away. 5,6,7 Repellents with less than 10% of an active ingredient may only offer protection for short periods of time (1-2 hours).
NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

How long does EPA say it protects?

DEET

EPA says 2 to 12 hours for mosquitoes and 2 to 10 for ticks, depending on the percentage.

Source and detail: EPA, U.S. EPA

EPA's DEET page says studies in its database indicate DEET repels ticks for about two to ten hours and mosquitoes from two to twelve hours, depending on the percentage of DEET in the product. In EPA's repellent search tool, Ben's 100 Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 56575-7, at 98.11 percent DEET, lists 10 hours for mosquitoes and 10 for ticks. EPA says protection times vary because testing conditions differ, and that the tool's database was last updated in June 2019.

Studies in EPA's database indicate that DEET repels ticks for about two to ten hours, and mosquitoes from two to twelve hours depending on the percentage of DEET in the product.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Ben's 100 Insect Repellent | 10 | 10 | DEET | 98.11 | Tender Corp. | 56575-7
EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results for DEET, cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect_s

While this technical information is based on scientific testing guidelines and approved study methods, there are variations in the resulting protection times because of differences in the testing conditions.
EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You

Any products listed are for informational purposes only. Inclusion of a product listed/referenced is not an endorsement. * EPA and the U.S. Government do not endorse any product or service. * The information in this database was last updated in June 2019.
U.S. EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

EPA's tool lists 6 hours for mosquitoes and 6 for ticks at 30 and 40 percent.

Source and detail: US EPA

6 hours for mosquitoes and 6 hours for ticks: EPA's search tool lists Citrapel Lotion Insect Repellent (EPA Reg. No. 84878-1, 30 percent) and Repel Essential Insect Repellent Pump Spray (EPA Reg. No. 305-57, 40 percent) at 6 and 6. EPA says those times were approved for product labels from technical information the company provided, and that the tool's database was last updated in June 2019.

Citrapel Lotion Insect Repellent | 6 | 6 | Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus | 30 | Citrefine International LTD | 84878-1
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

Repel Essential Insect Repellent Pump Spray | 6 | 6 | Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus | 40 | United Industries Corp. | 305-57
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

Protection Times - These protection times have been approved for product labels. These times are based on the technical information provided by the company on the effectiveness of the product against mosquitoes and/or ticks.
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

The registration number means the company provided EPA with technical information on the safety of the product and its effectiveness against mosquitoes and/or ticks. While this technical information is based on scientific testing guidelines and approved study methods, there are variations in the resulting protection times because of differences in the testing conditions.
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026

The information in this database was last updated in June 2019.
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026

Which pests do accepted labels name, and what does CDC say those pests carry?

DEET

A 15% label names mosquitoes, gnats, no-see-ums, biting flies, ticks, chiggers and fleas.

Source and detail: EPA notification label

The accepted label for a 15 percent DEET aerosol, EPA Reg. No. 4822-380, claims protection from mosquitoes, gnats, no-see-ums, biting flies, ticks, chiggers and fleas. On ticks, the label's exact wording is "including ticks that may cause Lyme disease."

EFFECTIVE PROTECTION from Mosquitoes, Gnats, No-See-Ums, Biting Flies, Ticks (including ticks that may cause Lyme disease), Chiggers and Fleas
EPA notification label, OFF! Insect Repellent II, EPA Reg. No. 4822-380, 15% DEET aerosol, November 13, 2009

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

A label names mosquitoes and ticks.

Source and detail: US EPA accepted label

Mosquitoes and ticks. The EPA-accepted master label for EPA Reg. No. 84878-2 gives the direction to repel mosquitoes and ticks, apply to exposed skin and clothing. No CDC statement about what these pests carry was read for this active.

To repel [insects] [mosquitoes and ticks], apply to exposed skin and clothing.
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025

What do the agencies say about children?

DEET

No age limit, EPA and CDC say, and EPA sets no percentage limit for children.

Source and detail: CDC Yellow Book, EPA

EPA's DEET page states that DEET "is approved for use on children with no age restriction," and that there is no restriction on the percentage of DEET in a product for use on children, since registration tests showed no difference in effects between young and adult animals. CDC's Yellow Book says insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535 and 2-undecanone can be used on children without age restriction.

DEET is approved for use on children with no age restriction. There is no restriction on the percentage of DEET in the product for use on children, since data do not show any difference in effects between young animals and adult animals in tests done for product registration.
EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, and 2-undecanone can be used on children without age restriction
CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

CDC says not under 3; EPA says some sole-active products at 30 percent or less lack that restriction.

Source and detail: CDC Travelers' Health, US EPA, US EPA accepted label

CDC says not to use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus or para-menthane-diol on children under 3 years old. EPA's repellent-use page says some oil of lemon eucalyptus labels carry that restriction, while certain products with it as sole active at 30 percent or less have none for use under three. The EPA-accepted master label for EPA Reg. No. 84878-2 also permits a state-specific claim that the product is not registered by California for use on children under the age of three.

Do not use products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) or para-menthane-diol (PMD) on children under 3 years old.
CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites

According to the product labels, some oil of lemon eucalyptus products should not be used on children under the age of three . There are no restrictions for use on children under three years of age for certain insect repellent products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus as their sole active ingredient at concentrations of 30% or less.
US EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

75. [This product is] not registered by the State of California for use on children under the age of three
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025

What do CDC and WHO say about pregnancy?

DEET

CDC lists it for pregnant and breastfeeding women; one 897-woman trial found no adverse effects to one year.

Source and detail: CDC, McGready R

CDC's Preventing Mosquito Bites page lists DEET among the active ingredients it names, and says that when used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are "proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women." McGready 2001, a double-blind randomized trial of 897 women, found no adverse neurologic, gastrointestinal or dermatologic effects from daily DEET in the second and third trimesters, and none on survival, growth or development at birth or one year.

Use EPA-registered insect repellents with one of the following active ingredients. When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
CDC, Preventing Mosquito Bites (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-16)

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women. DEET Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the United States)
CDC, Preventing Mosquito Bites (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-16)

The safety of daily application of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) (1.7 g of DEET/day) in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was assessed as part of a double-blind, randomized, therapeutic trial of insect repellents for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy (n = 897). No adverse neurologic, gastrointestinal, or dermatologic effects were observed for women who applied a median total dose of 214.2 g of DEET per pregnancy (range = 0-345.1 g).
McGready R, et al. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):285-9. PMID 11693870

DEET crossed the placenta and was detected in 8% (95% confidence interval = 2.6-18.2) of cord blood samples from a randomly selected subgroup of DEET users (n = 50). No adverse effects on survival, growth, or development at birth, or at one year, were found. This is the first study to document the safety of DEET applied regularly in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
McGready R, et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):285-9. PMID 11693870

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

CDC lists it for pregnant and breastfeeding women; NPIC reports no effects on fetal development in rats.

Source and detail: CDC Travelers' Health, NPIC

CDC's Travelers' Health page names oil of lemon eucalyptus among the EPA-registered actives it lists, and says that when used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are "proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women." NPIC reports that pregnant rats given large doses of oil of lemon eucalyptus on their skin showed only slight changes in weight gain and no effects on fetal development.

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women. If also using sunscreen, always apply insect repellent after sunscreen. DEET Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the US) IR3535 Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) Para-menthane-diol (PMD) 2-undecanone
CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites

Oil of lemon eucalyptus : Only slight changes in weight gain were observed during pregnancy in rats with large doses of the ingredient put on their skin. There were no effects on fetal development.
NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

What do NPIC and EPA report about absorption and toxicity?

DEET

NPIC says a small amount absorbs through skin; EPA calls it generally low in acute toxicity.

Source and detail: EPA, NPIC

NPIC says a small amount of DEET applied to skin is taken into the body, more when alcohol is also on the skin. EPA's 1998 R.E.D. FACTS sheet calls DEET generally of low acute toxicity and a Group D carcinogen, not classifiable as a human carcinogen. EPA's 1998 reregistration decision counted 14 seizure cases since 1960, including four deaths, potentially related to DEET: an observed incidence of about one recognized seizure per 100 million users each year.

When DEET was applied to the skin of volunteers by researchers, they found that a small amount of the DEET was taken into the body through the skin. When DEET and alcohol are applied to the skin, more DEET is taken into the skin compared with DEET alone. Drinking alcohol may also cause more DEET to be absorbed through the skin. Sunscreen products that contain DEET may cause more DEET to be taken into the body through the skin.
NPIC, DEET General Fact Sheet

DEET generally is of low acute toxicity, and, based on the available toxicological data, the Agency believes that the normal use of DEET does not present a health concern to the general U.S. population (the Agency's human risk assessment has identified no toxicologically significant effects in animal studies.) DEET has been classified as a Group D carcinogen (not classifiable as a human carcinogen.)
EPA, R.E.D. FACTS: DEET, EPA-738-F-95-010, April 1998

In summary, since 1960, there have been 14 cases of seizure, including four deaths, potentially related to DEET exposure, for which other more likely causes have not been identified. An additional 32 cases of seizure reported to the national DEET registry are currently under review.
EPA, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET, EPA738-R-98-010, approved April 13, 1998

people using DEET each year, the observed incidence of recognized seizures is about one per 100 million users.
EPA, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET, EPA738-R-98-010, approved April 13, 1998

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

NPIC says it can cause significant eye damage and has been linked to skin irritation in animal studies.

Source and detail: NPIC

NPIC's fact sheet says oil of lemon eucalyptus can cause significant eye damage, that washing the eyes after exposure can reduce the risk of long-term harm, and that it has been linked to skin irritation in animal studies. Rats fed the ingredient had trouble walking, changes in breathing and lethargy. NPIC reports that when a repellent is applied to skin, about 3 to 19 percent may be absorbed.

Oil of lemon eucalyptus : Oil of lemon eucalyptus can cause significant eye damage. Washing eyes after an exposure can reduce the risks of long-term harm. It has been linked to skin irritation in animal studies. Rats fed oil of lemon eucalyptus had trouble walking. They also had changes in their breathing and were lethargic.
NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

When a repellent is applied to skin, about 3-19% may be absorbed into the body.
NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

Does it damage plastics, fabrics or gear?

DEET

NPIC says it can damage certain plastics, rubber, vinyl and synthetics; a label spares nylon, cotton and wool.

Source and detail: EPA amended reregistration label, NPIC

NPIC's DEET technical fact sheet calls DEET a plasticizer that can damage certain rubber, plastic, vinyl or elastic materials, including contact lenses, eyeglass frames and lenses, watch crystals, combs, painted and varnished surfaces, and certain synthetic or treated fabrics. The accepted label for a 10 percent DEET product, EPA Reg. No. 121-53, says it will not damage nylon, cotton or wool.

DEET is a plasticizer and can damage certain rubber, plastic, vinyl, or elastic materials such as contact lenses, eyeglass frames and lenses, watch crystals, combs, painted and varnished surfaces, and certain synthetic or treated fabrics.
NPIC, DEET Technical Fact Sheet (archived)

Will not damage nylon, cotton, or wool.
EPA amended reregistration label, Cutter Insect Repellent #10GE, EPA Reg. No. 121-53, 10% DEET, March 18, 2009

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

A label claims it will not harm watch crystals, tackle boxes, backpacks, fishing line, tents or bedding.

Source and detail: US EPA accepted label

The EPA-accepted master label for EPA Reg. No. 84878-2 permits the claim that the product will not harm watch crystals, tackle boxes, backpacks, fishing line, tents or bedding. Its optional marketing language, also accepted, says it will not harm fishing line, camping gear, watch crystals or a tackle box.

14. Will not harm watch crystals, tackle boxes, backpacks, fishing line, tents or bedding.
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025

You can use Mosi-guardTM Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent with confidence knowing it will not harm your fishing line, camping gear, watch crystals or tackle box.
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025

What do the agencies say about pets?

DEET

EPA lists cats, dogs and horses as use sites; nothing on pets unless the label says so.

Source and detail: EPA, NPIC

EPA's 1998 R.E.D. FACTS sheet lists cats, dogs, horses and pet living and sleeping quarters among DEET's use sites. EPA tells consumers not to use any product on pets unless the label clearly states it is for animals. NPIC says reports of pets exposed to DEET in amounts that would make them sick are rare; overexposed pets have shown vomiting, shaking, excitement, lack of coordination and seizures.

N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is an insect repellent used in households/domestic dwellings, on the human body and clothing being worn, on cats, dogs, horses and pet living/sleeping quarters. There are no food uses.
EPA, R.E.D. FACTS: DEET, EPA-738-F-95-010, April 1998

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals.
EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Reports of pets being exposed to DEET in amounts that would make them sick are rare. Pets that have been overexposed to DEET have shown varying effects, including vomiting, shaking, excitement, lack of coordination, and seizures.
NPIC, DEET General Fact Sheet

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

Only EPA's general rule applies: nothing on pets unless the label says so.

Source and detail: EPA, US EPA

EPA's page on using insect repellents says not to use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals, an instruction that covers every repellent rather than this active alone. The same page adds that most insect repellents do not work against lice or fleas.

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals. Most insect repellents do not work against lice or fleas.
US EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals.
EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Which studies are on the record?

DEET

One trial found 20% DEET and 20% picaridin performed equally, with 97.4% protection over five hours.

Source and detail: Carroll JF, Van Roey K

Van Roey 2014 (PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases) reported an overall five-hour protection rate of 97.4 percent, with picaridin 20 percent performing equally well as DEET 20 percent. Carroll 2010 (Journal of Medical Entomology) found formulations of deet, picaridin and IR3535 at 20 percent or more active ingredient highly effective against lone star ticks over 12 hours, with fewer than 10 percent of ticks crossing the treatment bands.

Based on a total of 4996 mosquitoes collected on negative control persons, the overall five hour protection rate was 97.4% [95%CI: 97.1-97.8%], not decreasing over time. Picaridin 20% performed equally well as DEET 20% and better than picaridin 10%.
Van Roey K, et al. Field evaluation of picaridin repellents reveals differences in repellent sensitivity between Southeast Asian vectors of malaria and arboviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Dec 18;8(12):e3326. PMID 25522134

Formulations containing > or = 20% active ingredient were highly effective, with <10% of the ticks crossing through the treatment bands for any challenge during the 12 h. At least 40% of ticks exposed to any formulation for any challenge fell or crawled off the volunteers.
Carroll JF, Benante JP, Kramer M, Lohmeyer KH, Lawrence K. Formulations of deet, picaridin, and IR3535 applied to skin repel nymphs of the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae) for 12 hours. J Med Entomol. 2010 Jul;47(4):699-704. PMID 20695288

There was no difference in effectiveness between the 20% spray and 20% lotion formulations of picaridin. The 10% IR3535 lotion was significantly less effective than the formulations with higher concentrations of repellent. In the formulations tested, deet, picaridin, and IR3535 provided lasting protection against A. americanum.
Carroll JF, et al. J Med Entomol. 2010 Jul;47(4):699-704. PMID 20695288

Oil of lemon eucalyptus

No named human efficacy trial on record; the only duration is EPA's tool figure of 6 hours.

Source and detail: US EPA

No named human efficacy trial of an oil of lemon eucalyptus formulation is among the agency sources read for this active. The one duration on the record is EPA's search tool figure of 6 hours, which EPA says has been approved for product labels on the basis of technical information the company provided, from a database EPA says was last updated in June 2019.

Citrapel Lotion Insect Repellent | 6 | 6 | Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus | 30 | Citrefine International LTD | 84878-1
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

Protection Times - These protection times have been approved for product labels. These times are based on the technical information provided by the company on the effectiveness of the product against mosquitoes and/or ticks.
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results application, fetched 2026-09-22

The information in this database was last updated in June 2019.
US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026

Sources on this page.

19 sources. Every quote was fetched on or before 2026-09-22 and is stored with the page. Last reviewed 2026-09-22. All ten actives.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet
CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19). https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/mosquitoes-ticks-and-other-arthropods.html
EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results for DEET, cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect_s. https://cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect_s/search_results.cfm
EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-repellent-right-you
EPA notification label, OFF! Insect Repellent II, EPA Reg. No. 4822-380, 15% DEET aerosol, November 13, 2009. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/004822-00380-20091113.pdf
CDC, Preventing Mosquito Bites (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-16). https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/index.html
McGready R, et al. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):285-9. PMID 11693870. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11693870/
NPIC, DEET General Fact Sheet. https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/DEETgen.html
EPA, R.E.D. FACTS: DEET, EPA-738-F-95-010, April 1998. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-080301_1-Apr-98.pdf
EPA, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET, EPA738-R-98-010, approved April 13, 1998. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/red_PC-080301_1-Apr-98.pdf
NPIC, DEET Technical Fact Sheet (archived). https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/archive/DEETtech.html
EPA amended reregistration label, Cutter Insect Repellent #10GE, EPA Reg. No. 121-53, 10% DEET, March 18, 2009. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/000121-00053-20090318.pdf
EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/using-insect-repellents-safely-and-effectively
Van Roey K, et al. Field evaluation of picaridin repellents reveals differences in repellent sensitivity between Southeast Asian vectors of malaria and arboviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Dec 18;8(12):e3326. PMID 25522134. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25522134/
Carroll JF, Benante JP, Kramer M, Lohmeyer KH, Lawrence K. Formulations of deet, picaridin, and IR3535 applied to skin repel nymphs of the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae) for 12 hours. J Med Entomol. 2010 Jul;47(4):699-704. PMID 20695288. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20695288/
US EPA, Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients, last updated January 23, 2026. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/skin-applied-repellent-ingredients
CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/avoid-bug-bites
US EPA accepted label, Mosi-guard Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent, EPA Reg. No. 84878-2, master label version (16) dated December 4, 2025, EPA notification letter January 06, 2026. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/084878-00002-20260106.pdf
NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018. https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/repellents.html