DEET vs Other plant oils

DEET (chemical name, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is the active ingredient in many repellent products. It is widely used to repel biting pests such as mosquitoes and ticks. Every year, an estimated one-third of the U.S. population use DEET to protect them from mosquito-borne illnesses like West Nile Virus, the Zika virus or malaria and tick-borne illnesses like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

DEET is designed for direct application to people's skin to repel insects. Rather than killing them, DEET works by making it hard for these biting bugs to smell us. After it was developed by the U.S. Army in 1946, DEET was registered for use by the general public in 1957. Approximately 120 products containing DEET are currently registered with EPA by about 30 different companies.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Examples of ingredients used in unregistered repellents are: Citronella oil. Cedar oil. Geranium oil. Peppermint and peppermint oil. Soybean oil.

US EPA, Regulation of Skin-Applied Repellents, last updated June 25, 2026

Because EPA has determined that certain "minimum risk pesticides" pose little to no risk to human health or the environment, EPA has exempted them from the requirement that they be registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.

US EPA, Minimum Risk Pesticides Exempted from FIFRA Registration, last updated August 31, 2026

On February 28, 1996, the Agency issued a rule exempting certain pesticides, including oil of citronella, from regulation under FIFRA. In order to be eligible for this exemption (under FIFRA Section 25(b)), the oil of citronella products must meet all of the criteria listed below:

US EPA, R.E.D. FACTS, Oil of Citronella, EPA-738-F-97-002, February 1997

Some of these other repellents may be minimum risk pesticides and may not have to be registered with the EPA. There are no EPA-registered repellents that contain garlic oil, rosemary, lemongrass, thyme, or geraniol oils as active ingredients.

NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

DEET is designed for direct application to people's skin to repel insects. Rather than killing them, DEET works by making it hard for these biting bugs to smell us. After it was developed by the U.S. Army in 1946, DEET was registered for use by the general public in 1957. Approximately 120 products containing DEET are currently registered with EPA by about 30 different companies.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

After completing a comprehensive re-assessment of DEET, we concluded that insect repellents containing DEET do not present a health concern. Consumers are advised to read and follow label directions when using any pesticide product, including insect repellents. Based on extensive toxicity testing, we believe that the normal use of DEET does not present a health concern to the general population, including children. We completed this review and issued a reregistration decision (called a RED) in 1998.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

The human health risk assessment concluded that there are no risks of concern because no toxic effects have been identified when used as a dermally applied insect repellent, and there is no dietary or occupational exposure for DEET. However, a Final Decision on the DEET registration review case will occur only after the EPA has completed an Endocrine Disruptor Screening under FFDCA section 408(p).

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Because EPA has determined that certain "minimum risk pesticides" pose little to no risk to human health or the environment, EPA has exempted them from the requirement that they be registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.

US EPA, Minimum Risk Pesticides Exempted from FIFRA Registration, last updated August 31, 2026

On February 28, 1996, the Agency issued a rule exempting certain pesticides, including oil of citronella, from regulation under FIFRA. In order to be eligible for this exemption (under FIFRA Section 25(b)), the oil of citronella products must meet all of the criteria listed below:

US EPA, R.E.D. FACTS, Oil of Citronella, EPA-738-F-97-002, February 1997

To that end, we have explored rulemaking regarding personal insect repellents and in a future rulemaking are considering a proposal to remove personal mosquito and tick repellents from the minimum risk pesticides exemption currently in 40 CFR 152.25(f). This means that once removed from the exemption, personal mosquito and tick repellents would need to be registered as a pesticide product with EPA before sale or distribution in the United States.

US EPA, Personal Insect Repellents and Minimum Risk Pesticides

Products containing DEET currently are available to the public in a variety of liquids, lotions, sprays, and impregnated materials (e.g., towelettes, roll on). Formulations registered for direct application to human skin contain from 5 to 99% DEET.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

In general, higher concentrations of active ingredients provide longer duration of protection, regardless of the active ingredient. Products with <10% active ingredient might offer only limited protection, often 1-2 hours. Products that offer sustained-release or controlled-release (microencapsulated) formulations, even with lower active ingredient concentrations, might provide longer protection times. Studies suggest that DEET efficacy tends to peak at a concentration of approximately 50% and that concentrations above that do not offer a marked increase in protection time against mosquitoes.

CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

A minimum risk product must meet the six conditions listed below. A product that meets all of these six conditions is then exempted from regulation under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), i.e., the pesticide product does not need to be registered with EPA. However, states may require registration under state laws .

US EPA, Conditions for Minimum Risk Pesticides, last updated August 31, 2026

All of the ingredients in an exempted product (both active and inert) must be listed on the label: All active ingredients must be listed by label display name* and percentage (by weight).

US EPA, Conditions for Minimum Risk Pesticides, Condition 3, last updated August 31, 2026

Higher concentration repellents may protect people for longer. However, they are not better at keeping insects away. 5,6,7 Repellents with less than 10% of an active ingredient may only offer protection for short periods of time (1-2 hours).

NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

Studies in EPA's database indicate that DEET repels ticks for about two to ten hours, and mosquitoes from two to twelve hours depending on the percentage of DEET in the product.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Ben's 100 Insect Repellent | 10 | 10 | DEET | 98.11 | Tender Corp. | 56575-7

EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, search results for DEET, cfpub.epa.gov/oppref/insect_s

While this technical information is based on scientific testing guidelines and approved study methods, there are variations in the resulting protection times because of differences in the testing conditions.

EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You

Any products listed are for informational purposes only. Inclusion of a product listed/referenced is not an endorsement. * EPA and the U.S. Government do not endorse any product or service. * The information in this database was last updated in June 2019.

U.S. EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You

In the 1990s, EPA evaluated the active ingredients in these unregistered products for safety . We determined that the active ingredients posed minimal risk to human health in the percentages found in products on the market. Based on this minimal risk determination, we decided that products made from these ingredients should be exempt from registration. Note that products made from these ingredients have not been evaluated for effectiveness .

US EPA, Regulation of Skin-Applied Repellents, last updated June 25, 2026

Repellents that do not bear an EPA registration number have not been evaluated by EPA, and EPA cannot advise consumers about the effectiveness of these products.

US EPA, Regulation of Skin-Applied Repellents, last updated June 25, 2026

The results from the search tool include only skin-applied repellent products registered by EPA. No unregistered products are listed.

US EPA, Find the Repellent that is Right for You, last updated September 8, 2026

EFFECTIVE PROTECTION from Mosquitoes, Gnats, No-See-Ums, Biting Flies, Ticks (including ticks that may cause Lyme disease), Chiggers and Fleas

EPA notification label, OFF! Insect Repellent II, EPA Reg. No. 4822-380, 15% DEET aerosol, November 13, 2009

Minimum risk pesticide labels may not bear claims to control rodent, insect or microbial pests in a way that links the pests with any specific disease. The label claim may only be for the pest, as a pest, and not as a disease vector.

US EPA, Conditions for Minimum Risk Pesticides, Condition 4, last updated August 31, 2026

The product must not bear claims either to control or mitigate microorganisms that pose a threat to human health, including but not limited to, disease transmitting bacteria or viruses, or claims to control insects, rodents carrying specific diseases, including, but not limited to, ticks that carry Lyme disease.

US EPA, R.E.D. FACTS, Oil of Citronella, EPA-738-F-97-002, February 1997

Statements about the effectiveness of the product as a pesticide or device. Examples: "Kills all insects" "Kills many insects" "Repels all insects" These label claims may imply a misleading range of effectiveness.

US EPA, Conditions for Minimum Risk Pesticides, Condition 6, last updated August 31, 2026

DEET is approved for use on children with no age restriction. There is no restriction on the percentage of DEET in the product for use on children, since data do not show any difference in effects between young animals and adult animals in tests done for product registration.

EPA, DEET (epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet), fetched 2026-09-22

Insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, and 2-undecanone can be used on children without age restriction

CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

Insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, and 2-undecanone can be used on children without age restriction

CDC Yellow Book, Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-19)

Use EPA-registered insect repellents with one of the following active ingredients. When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

CDC, Preventing Mosquito Bites (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-16)

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women. DEET Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the United States)

CDC, Preventing Mosquito Bites (Wayback Machine capture 2026-09-16)

The safety of daily application of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) (1.7 g of DEET/day) in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy was assessed as part of a double-blind, randomized, therapeutic trial of insect repellents for the prevention of malaria in pregnancy (n = 897). No adverse neurologic, gastrointestinal, or dermatologic effects were observed for women who applied a median total dose of 214.2 g of DEET per pregnancy (range = 0-345.1 g).

McGready R, et al. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):285-9. PMID 11693870

DEET crossed the placenta and was detected in 8% (95% confidence interval = 2.6-18.2) of cord blood samples from a randomly selected subgroup of DEET users (n = 50). No adverse effects on survival, growth, or development at birth, or at one year, were found. This is the first study to document the safety of DEET applied regularly in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

McGready R, et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001 Oct;65(4):285-9. PMID 11693870

When used as directed, EPA-registered insect repellents are proven safe and effective, even for pregnant and breastfeeding women. If also using sunscreen, always apply insect repellent after sunscreen. DEET Picaridin (known as KBR 3023 and icaridin outside the US) IR3535 Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE) Para-menthane-diol (PMD) 2-undecanone

CDC Travelers' Health, Avoid Bug Bites

When DEET was applied to the skin of volunteers by researchers, they found that a small amount of the DEET was taken into the body through the skin. When DEET and alcohol are applied to the skin, more DEET is taken into the skin compared with DEET alone. Drinking alcohol may also cause more DEET to be absorbed through the skin. Sunscreen products that contain DEET may cause more DEET to be taken into the body through the skin.

NPIC, DEET General Fact Sheet

DEET generally is of low acute toxicity, and, based on the available toxicological data, the Agency believes that the normal use of DEET does not present a health concern to the general U.S. population (the Agency's human risk assessment has identified no toxicologically significant effects in animal studies.) DEET has been classified as a Group D carcinogen (not classifiable as a human carcinogen.)

EPA, R.E.D. FACTS: DEET, EPA-738-F-95-010, April 1998

In summary, since 1960, there have been 14 cases of seizure, including four deaths, potentially related to DEET exposure, for which other more likely causes have not been identified. An additional 32 cases of seizure reported to the national DEET registry are currently under review.

EPA, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET, EPA738-R-98-010, approved April 13, 1998

people using DEET each year, the observed incidence of recognized seizures is about one per 100 million users.

EPA, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) DEET, EPA738-R-98-010, approved April 13, 1998

In the 1990s, EPA evaluated the active ingredients in these unregistered products for safety . We determined that the active ingredients posed minimal risk to human health in the percentages found in products on the market. Based on this minimal risk determination, we decided that products made from these ingredients should be exempt from registration. Note that products made from these ingredients have not been evaluated for effectiveness .

US EPA, Regulation of Skin-Applied Repellents, last updated June 25, 2026

The health risks and efficacy of essential oils have not been as widely studied as common insect repellents.

NPIC, Insect Repellents Fact Sheet, Oregon State University Extension Services, date reviewed February 2018

DEET is a plasticizer and can damage certain rubber, plastic, vinyl, or elastic materials such as contact lenses, eyeglass frames and lenses, watch crystals, combs, painted and varnished surfaces, and certain synthetic or treated fabrics.

NPIC, DEET Technical Fact Sheet (archived)

Will not damage nylon, cotton, or wool.

EPA amended reregistration label, Cutter Insect Repellent #10GE, EPA Reg. No. 121-53, 10% DEET, March 18, 2009

Repellents that do not bear an EPA registration number have not been evaluated by EPA, and EPA cannot advise consumers about the effectiveness of these products.

US EPA, Regulation of Skin-Applied Repellents, last updated June 25, 2026

N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is an insect repellent used in households/domestic dwellings, on the human body and clothing being worn, on cats, dogs, horses and pet living/sleeping quarters. There are no food uses.

EPA, R.E.D. FACTS: DEET, EPA-738-F-95-010, April 1998

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals.

EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Reports of pets being exposed to DEET in amounts that would make them sick are rare. Pets that have been overexposed to DEET have shown varying effects, including vomiting, shaking, excitement, lack of coordination, and seizures.

NPIC, DEET General Fact Sheet

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals. Most insect repellents do not work against lice or fleas.

US EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Do not use any product on pets or other animals unless the label clearly states it is for animals.

EPA, Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively

Based on a total of 4996 mosquitoes collected on negative control persons, the overall five hour protection rate was 97.4% [95%CI: 97.1-97.8%], not decreasing over time. Picaridin 20% performed equally well as DEET 20% and better than picaridin 10%.

Van Roey K, et al. Field evaluation of picaridin repellents reveals differences in repellent sensitivity between Southeast Asian vectors of malaria and arboviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Dec 18;8(12):e3326. PMID 25522134

Formulations containing > or = 20% active ingredient were highly effective, with <10% of the ticks crossing through the treatment bands for any challenge during the 12 h. At least 40% of ticks exposed to any formulation for any challenge fell or crawled off the volunteers.

Carroll JF, Benante JP, Kramer M, Lohmeyer KH, Lawrence K. Formulations of deet, picaridin, and IR3535 applied to skin repel nymphs of the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae) for 12 hours. J Med Entomol. 2010 Jul;47(4):699-704. PMID 20695288

There was no difference in effectiveness between the 20% spray and 20% lotion formulations of picaridin. The 10% IR3535 lotion was significantly less effective than the formulations with higher concentrations of repellent. In the formulations tested, deet, picaridin, and IR3535 provided lasting protection against A. americanum.

Carroll JF, et al. J Med Entomol. 2010 Jul;47(4):699-704. PMID 20695288

A soybean-oil-based repellent protected against mosquito bites for an average of 94.6 minutes. The IR3535-based repellent protected for an average of 22.9 minutes. All other botanical repellents we tested provided protection for a mean duration of less than 20 minutes. Repellent-impregnated wristbands offered no protection.

Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(1):13-8. PMID 12097535

CONCLUSIONS: Currently available non-DEET repellents do not provide protection for durations similar to those of DEET-based repellents and cannot be relied on to provide prolonged protection in environments where mosquito-borne diseases are a substantial threat.

Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(1):13-8. PMID 12097535

To date insufficient studies have followed standard WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety.

Maia MF, Moore SJ. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malar J. 2011;10 Suppl 1:S11. PMID 21411012